Caucasian Toad
Bufo verrucosissimus
Caucasian toad — a candidate species versus B. bufo in the checklist.
Overview
What is Caucasian Toad
The Caucasian toad (Bufo verrucosissimus) is a candidate species in Tarkhnishvili et al. 2026. Sinsch et al. (2008) find no firm evidence of separate species status; Cyt b difference between Georgian B. verrucosissimus and nominal B. bufo from Slovenia is less than 2%. There is no sharp geographic border in Anatolia. The checklist still lists it as a separate species following the majority of authors, but the status requires validation. Nominotypical subspecies B. v. verrucosissimus. The barcode is from Akhaldaba. The checklist figure is Borjomi, Akhaldaba.
Last updated
Identification
How to identify Caucasian Toad
Caucasian toad (Bufo) — not the green toad (Bufotes viridis). Candidate versus B. bufo in the checklist.
- 01
Bufo; nominotypical subspecies B. v. verrucosissimus.
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Candidate species versus B. bufo.
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Barcode and figure: Akhaldaba / Borjomi.
- 04
Not Bufotes viridis.
Questions
Frequently asked questions
Short answers to the most important questions about Caucasian Toad.
Yes. It is on the checklist. The barcode is from Akhaldaba; the figure is Borjomi, Akhaldaba.
Tarkhnishvili et al. 2026: Sinsch et al. (2008) see no firm evidence of separate species status; Cyt b difference from nominal B. bufo is less than 2%. The checklist follows the majority of authors, but the status still needs validation.
This is Bufo verrucosissimus, not Bufotes viridis. The green toad is confirmed in this checklist and sitibundus is not split.
Site classification: Harmless. Venom: none.
- Tarkhnishvili et al. 2026 — Annotated checklist of Georgia's amphibians and reptiles
- Iankoshvili & Tarkhnishvili 2021 — Georgian herpetofauna records cited in Tarkhnishvili et al. 2026
- AmphibiaWeb
Species profiles are compiled from peer-reviewed literature and established biodiversity databases, and are reviewed as new taxonomic and conservation data become available.
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